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1.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1148365

ABSTRACT

A la fecha de redacción de este artículo, más de 500 mil personas han sido afectadas por el virus SARS-CoV-2 en Chile, manifestando diferentes grados de la enfermedad COVID-19. Aquellas que sobrellevan condiciones más severas generan una condición que requiere soporte ventilatorio invasivo y tratamiento en unidades de cuidados intensivos, que de prolongarse en el tiempo deriva en la necesidad de una traqueostomía. A pesar de los beneficios que posee esta en la recuperación de personas con dificultades respiratorias, su implementación se asocia a alteraciones deglutorias que se suman a las generadas por COVID-19. Condición que supone un desafío para los/as fonoaudiólogos/as, quienes están expuestos/as al virus debido a su proceder en estructuras del tracto aerodigestivo y la realización de procedimientos potencialmente generadores de aerosol. El objetivo de este artículo es entregar orientaciones y herramientas clínicas para la intervención en la deglución de personas con traqueostomía y COVID-19. Estas emanan de un análisis pragmático de la evidencia disponible a la fecha, interpretadas bajo nuestra experiencia de atender a más de 561 personas con dicha condición. Se espera contribuir a la rehabilitación de la deglución en personas con COVID-19 y traqueostomía. Para ello se expone sobre las características de la deglución en esta población, su tratamiento, consideraciones para el uso de técnicas específicas, y orientaciones para la mejora de la calidad de vida mediante la mantención y/o recuperación de la funcionalidad deglutoria. Siempre bajo un esquema centrado en el cuidado y protección de las personas hospitalizadas y el equipo de salud.


At the time of writing this article, more than a million people have been affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Chile, displaying different degrees of COVID-19 disease. Severe infections generate a condition that requires invasive ventilatory support and treatment in intensive care units, which, when extended in time, makes necessary conducting a tracheostomy. Despite its benefits for the recovery of patients with respiratory difficulties, it is linked to swallowing disorders that add to the problems generated by COVID-19. This represents a challenge for speech pathologists, who are potentially exposed to the virus because they work on structures of the aerodigestive tract and becuase they conduct procedures that may be aerosol-generating. The aim of this article is to provide guidance and clinical tools for swallowing-intervention in people with tracheostomies and COVID-19. Thees tools spring from a pragmatic analysis of the currently available evidence , interpreted based on our experience of caring more than561 infected patients. We hope to contribute to the rehabilitation of swallowing of patients with COVID-19 and a tracheostomy. The characteristics of swallowing in this population, its treatment, considerations for the use of specific techniques, and guidelines for improving the quality of life through the maintenance and/or recovery of swallowing functionality are discussed, focused caring and protecting hospitalized patients and the health team.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/surgery , Tracheostomy/adverse effects , Deglutition Disorders/etiology , Coronavirus Infections/surgery , Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences/standards , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Pneumonia, Viral/rehabilitation , Quality of Life , Deglutition Disorders/rehabilitation , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Coronavirus Infections/rehabilitation , Critical Care , Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences/methods , Pandemics , Betacoronavirus
2.
Rev. chil. fonoaudiol. (En línea) ; 19: 1-9, nov. 2020. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1148401

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad COVID-19 fue declarada pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Su presentación más severa genera una condición que requiere tratamiento en unidades de cuidados intensivos, condición que al prolongarse en el tiempo requiere la implementación de una traqueostomía para facilitar la entrega de soporte ventilatorio invasivo. Si bien este dispositivo posee importantes ventajas que favorecen la recuperación y rehabilitación, también es cierto que genera diversas complicaciones en la comunicación de las personas, condición que se suma a los efectos propios del COVID-19 y la frecuente historia de intubación endotraqueal previa. El objetivo de este artículo es proveer orientaciones y herramientas clínicas para el tratamiento de la fonación para la comunicación en personas con traqueostomía y COVID-19. Se considera para ello las recomendaciones de la literatura existentes a la fecha, bajo un análisis pragmático y basado en nuestra experiencia de atender a más de 561 personas con esta condición. Se exponen las características de la comunicación en esta población, su tratamiento, consideraciones para el uso de técnicas específicas y orientaciones para la mejora de la calidad de vida. Siempre con un enfoque orientado al cuidado y protección de las/os usuarias/os y el equipo de salud, en particular fonoaudiólogas y fonoaudiólogos del país.


The COVID-19 disease was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. When most severe, it generates a condition that requires treatment in intensive care units, which, when extended in time, requires implementing of a tracheostomy to facilitate invasive ventilatory support. Although ventilatory support has important advantages that favor recovery and rehabilitation, it generates various complications for patients' communication, a condition that adds to the effects of COVID-19 and the frequent history of previous endotracheal intubation. The aim of this article is to provide guidance and clinical tools for the treatment of phonation to facilitate communication in people with tracheostomy and COVID-19. For this, the recommendations of the existing available literature are considered, under a pragmatic analysis and based on our experience of treating more than 561 infected patients. The characteristics of communication in this population, its treatment, considerations for the use of specific techniques and guidelines to improve quality of life are exposed. Always with an approach oriented to the care and protection of users and the health team, in particular speech-language pathologists in the country.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/surgery , Tracheostomy/adverse effects , Voice Disorders/etiology , Coronavirus Infections/surgery , Communication Disorders/etiology , Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences/standards , Phonation , Pneumonia, Viral/complications , Pneumonia, Viral/rehabilitation , Quality of Life , Hospital-Patient Relations , Voice Disorders/rehabilitation , Coronavirus Infections/complications , Coronavirus Infections/rehabilitation , Communication , Communication Disorders/rehabilitation , Critical Care , Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences/methods , Pandemics , Betacoronavirus , Intubation, Intratracheal
3.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 80(3): 376-384, set. 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144903

ABSTRACT

Resumen La traqueostomía es un procedimiento generador de aerosoles, lo que cobra particular importancia en la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, causante de COVID-19, al tener un importante riesgo de contagio asociado si no implementamos adecuadamente las modificaciones necesarias para disminuir los aerosoles formados. A medida que el número de pacientes infectados aumente, también lo hará la necesidad de realizar traqueostomías, por lo que es fundamental estar preparados. Todos los ámbitos del procedimiento, desde la selección del paciente hasta el cuidado postoperatorio tienen modificaciones importantes para permitir realizar una cirugía y seguimiento seguro, tanto para el paciente como para los trabajadores de salud involucrados. En este artículo se realiza una revisión narrativa de la literatura disponible hasta mediados de abril de 2020 y se describen los principales cambios a considerar, tanto previo, durante y después de la cirugía de traqueostomía. Con respecto a la técnica quirúrgica, la decisión puede ser controversial entre una traqueostomía abierta y percutánea según las fuentes citadas, pero con las actuales modificaciones a ambas, se deberían considerar equivalentes en la cantidad de aerosoles generados, por lo que la elección debería estar basada en la experiencia local. Está desaconsejado innovar en una técnica con la que el cirujano esté poco familiarizado por el potencial riesgo de infección que significa para todas las personas involucradas en el procedimiento en este tipo de pacientes.


Abstract Tracheostomy is an aerosol-generating procedure, which is particularly important during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, since it presents a significant risk of infection if we do not properly implement the necessary modifications to decrease aerosolization. As the number of infected patients increases, so will the demand for performing tracheostomies, therefore being prepared is fundamental. Every aspect of the procedure, from patient selection to postoperative care have significant modifications to allow for a safe surgery and follow-up, both for the patient and the health workers involved. In this article, a literature review of the available information until mid-april is performed and the main changes to consider before, during and after the surgery are described. Regarding the surgical technique, there is no clear consensus between open and percutaneous tracheostomy depending on the sources cited, but with the current modifications to both, they should be considered equivalent in the aerosolization generated, therefore the decision should be based on the local experience. Innovating in a technique in which the physician is unfamiliar is discouraged due to the potential risk of infection for everyone involved in the procedure in this type of patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/surgery , Tracheostomy/methods , Coronavirus Infections , Postoperative Care , Aerosols , Pandemics , Betacoronavirus
4.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir ; 47: e20202549, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1136557

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Atualmente médicos e profissionais da saúde encontram-se frente a uma pandemia desafiadora causada por uma nova cepa denominada 2019 Novel Coronavírus (COVID-19). A infecção humana pelo COVID-19 ainda não tem o espectro clínico completamente descrito, bem como não se sabe com precisão o padrão de letalidade, mortalidade, infectividade e transmissibilidade. Não há vacina ou medicamento específico disponível. O tratamento é de suporte e inespecífico. No Brasil, assim como no restante do mundo o número de casos de COVID-19 tem crescido de maneira alarmante levando a um aumento do número de internações assim como da mortalidade pela doença. Atualmente os estados com maior número de casos são, respectivamente, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal e Ceará. O objetivo deste trabalho é oferecer alternativas a fim de orientar cirurgiões quanto ao manejo cirúrgico das vias aéreas em pacientes com suspeita e/ou confirmação para infecção pelo COVID-19.


ABSTRACT Currently doctors and health professionals are facing a challenging pandemic caused by a new strain called 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). Human infection with COVID-19 does not yet have the clinical spectrum fully described, and the pattern of lethality, mortality, infectivity and transmissibility is not known with precision. There is no specific vaccine or medication available. Treatment is supportive and nonspecific. In Brazil, as in the rest of the world, the number of COVID-19 cases has grown alarmingly, leading to an increase in the number of hospitalizations as well as in mortality from the disease. Currently, the states with the highest number of cases are, respectively, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal and Ceará. The objective of this work is to offer alternatives in order to guide surgeons regarding the surgical management of the airways in patients with suspicion and / or confirmation for COVID-19 infection.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/surgery , Coronavirus Infections/surgery , Airway Management/methods , Betacoronavirus , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Postoperative Care/standards , Risk Management/standards , Tracheostomy/standards , Equipment Contamination/prevention & control , Occupational Exposure/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Airway Management/standards , Pandemics/prevention & control , Surgeons/standards , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Laryngeal Muscles/surgery
5.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir ; 47: e20202568, 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1136564

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Over one million cases of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been confirmed worldwide, with the death toll exceeding 50,000 people. An important issue to be addressed concerns the exposure of health professionals to this new virus. The first reports from Wuhan province, China, described infection rates of up to 29% among healthcare professionals before the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was fully regulated. There are several protocols on the correct use of PPE during aerosol-generating procedures. However, there is no specific guidance on how to proceed in cases of need for chest tubes in patients with positive COVID-19 active air leak. The objective of this work is to assist surgeons of the most diverse specialties during the chest drainage of a patient with COVID-19 and to avoid a risk of contamination to the professional and the environment.


RESUMO Mais de um milhão de casos do vírus SARS-CoV-2 foram confirmados em todo o mundo, com o número de mortos ultrapassando 50.000 pessoas. Uma questão importante a ser abordada diz respeito à exposição dos profissionais de saúde à esse novo vírus. Os primeiros relatórios da província de Wuhan, na China, descreveram taxas de infecção de até 29% entre os profissionais de saúde antes que o uso de equipamentos de proteção pessoal (EPI) fosse totalmente regulamentado. Existem vários protocolos sobre o uso correto de EPI durante os procedimentos geradores de aerossóis. No entanto, não há orientação específica sobre como proceder em casos de necessidade de drenos torácicos em pacientes com vazamento de ar ativo COVID-19 positivos. O objetivo desse trabalho é auxiliar os cirurgiões das mais diversas especialidades durante a drenagem torácica de um paciente com COVID-19 e evitar um risco de contaminação ao profissional e no ambiente.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Pandemics/prevention & control , Thoracentesis/instrumentation , Personal Protective Equipment , Pneumonia, Viral/surgery , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Coronavirus Infections/surgery , Thoracentesis/standards , COVID-19
6.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir ; 47: e20202574, 2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1136603

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 Pandemic has resulted in a high number of hospital admissions and some of those patients need ventilatory support in intensive care units. The viral pneumonia secondary to Sars-cov-2 infection may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and longer mechanical ventilation needs, resulting in a higher demand for tracheostomies. Due to the high aerosolization potential of such procedure, and the associated risks of staff and envoirenment contamination, it is necesseray to develop a specific standardization of the of the whole process involving tracheostomies. This manuscript aims to demonstrate the main steps of the standardization created by a tracheostomy team in a tertiary hospital dedicated to providing care for patients with COVID-19.


RESUMO A pandemia da COVID-19 tem gerado um número elevado de internações hospitalares e muitos pacientes são admitidos nas unidades de terapia intensiva para suporte ventilatório invasivo. A pneumonia viral provocada pelo Sars-cov-2 pode resultar na síndrome da disfunção respiratória aguda (SDRA) e em um tempo prolongado de ventilação mecânica, gerando uma demanda maior de traqueostomias. Diante do alto potencial de aerossolização desse procedimento, com risco de contaminação da equipe e do ambiente, é necessário criar uma padronização específica de todo o processo que envolve essa cirurgia. Este artigo visa demonstrar as principais etapas dessa padronização desenvolvida por um equipe dedicada à realização de traqueostomias em um hospital terciário dedicado ao atendimento de pacientes com suspeita ou confirmação de COVID-19.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/surgery , Tracheostomy/standards , Elective Surgical Procedures/standards , Coronavirus Infections/surgery , Tertiary Care Centers/standards , Operating Rooms/standards , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Brazil , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Aerosols/adverse effects , Pandemics/prevention & control , Operative Time , Personal Protective Equipment/standards , Betacoronavirus , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19
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